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The year 1648 marked a turning point in the 30 Years War as it witnessed the signing of the Peace of Westphalia, a series of treaties that brought an end to the conflict. These treaties not only resolved the immediate hostilities but also established new political and religious frameworks in Europe.

Events of 1648

The year 1648 was defined by significant events that shaped the outcome of the 30 Years War. Here are two key events that had a lasting impact.

Peace of Westphalia

The Peace of Westphalia, signed in October 1648, was a set of peace treaties negotiated in the cities of Osnabrück and Münster. These treaties involved various parties, including the Holy Roman Empire, France, Sweden, and the Dutch Republic. The Peace of Westphalia marked the official end of the 30 Years War and established a new framework for European diplomacy. It recognized the principle of state sovereignty, introduced religious tolerance, and reshaped the political map of Europe.

Treaty of Münster

The Treaty of Münster, signed alongside the Peace of Westphalia, specifically addressed the conflict between Spain and the Dutch Republic. It recognized the independence of the Dutch Republic and established a formal peace between the two parties. The Treaty of Münster marked the culmination of the Dutch struggle for independence and solidified the position of the Dutch Republic as a sovereign state in Europe.